Why do people stay at ISS. (MA Human Resource Management) Essay

Why do people stay at ISS. (MA Human Resource Management) - Essay Example Evidence of this leadership structure at ISS is provided by The Finance Director (2010) to include what is referred to as a multi-local approach to management. The company recognises the importance of providing localised service provision based on cultural needs. It suggests diversity as a focus for people development. The company’s vision is to â€Å"lead facility services globally – by leading facility services locally† (the-fianance-director.com, 2010, p.1). ISS is decentralised (uk.issworld.com, 2010), with the intention of using people as resources to improve company position. Instances of identifying management philosophy is available throughout the organisation’s website as being transformational, defined as using charismatic personality, vision championing, and coaching as a new management philosophy (Endrissat, Muller & Meissner, 2005). In this sort of ideal environment that is people-focused, it would appear, at first glance, that employees stay with ISS because of their devotion to local culture and people development. However, turnover in certain segments continues to increase, most noticeable in cleaning, security, landscaping, and other blue collar job roles. Is there an ongoing problem with the manual labour team that needs identification? Why are there no other areas of the business experiencing high turnover? This proposed research project seeks to identify: The objectives chosen will provide information about whether there are cultural differences between manual and support workers that impact relationships or communications. The research intends to uncover what meaning the blue collar workers give to their job roles in relation to status, their family, or through self-analysis. In order to identify why people stay at ISS, it is first important to identify whey they might choose to leave in favour of other employment and see if these identified needs are present in the manual worker

Diversity of human potential Essay Example for Free

Diversity of human potential Essay Gardner meanwhile developed the concept of multiple intelligences to reflect diversity of what human beings can do. He argued that there aptitudes or different propensities including linguistics, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences. Learning as a social behavior Bandura’s social learning theory extends the concept of the human potential and noted the role of obtaining competencies through the process of response consequences or observational learning which is essentially imitation or modeling. Modeling according to this theory has four components. Attention, the first component is perception of the significant attributes of a particular behavior. Retention is the next component or coding or committing the behavior to memory. Motor reproduction is the ability to reproduce the modeled behavior. The fourth component is motivational or reinforcements – the necessary push to do set of actions associated with the particular behavior (Bandura, 1975). The three basic psychological concepts outlined above just about cover the domain of psychology and points us to the direction that although there are individual competencies or potentials what happened if these individuals co-exists at particular setting. Bandura posited learning would be impossibility without a social setting even assuming the individual has the potential to learn (Bandura, 1962, , 1975). Accounting for variations. Levels of permanence and variability defines features of the individual like body shape which is relatively permanent than mental recognition or perception which could change quickly which may be internal or influenced by external factors. If modeling is a way of learning accounting for changes through time would be the next step, which is progression. In the case of suicide which has very strong negative association Kolb’s experiential learning cycle model would be helpful and may provide an expanded understanding on how groups or social networks form. This is very important as it has been shown modeling or experiencing losing someone because of suicide is a difficult phase which has proven significant as shown by Bearman and Moody, in terms of suicidal ideation or making the person who committed suicide a model figure (Bearman Moody, 2004). Kolb identified four phases which has interesting interrelationships if taken not as phases but states of mind which is simultaneously being processed. Psychological diversity would be immense because of possibilities of dominance of each of the state of minds. Concrete experience (CE) and abstract conceptualization (AC), for example could be taken as off tangent to each other as experience could be taken as activity which is cyclical in itself but abstraction and conceptualization (AC) is progressive. Human potential may have been the same in the past 300 years but the explosion of knowledge because of science and technology what Bruner may call as powerful amplifiers. Reflective observation (RO) and active experimentation (AE) meanwhile in context of CE and AC could explain possible changes or how situations develop. To tie these all up is talking about the process cognition. As applied to understanding of the complex act of committing suicide, we see that actual experience or feeling the pressure from the environment as continuing until the final act. It is easy to understand what clinical psychologist would point out that suicidal tendencies should be seen as a form of mental illness an irrational behavior wherein the mind or the will has ceased to function. Kolb’s model is posited on the positive or rational thinking and development towards a higher plane of competence and learning as the rule or trend of human behavior. But still we could use Kolb’s and others thinking on human development as operative albeit the outcome is generally considered unacceptable. A lot of cases tends to point out there are risky social situations which may push some people into progressive stages until the act of committing suicide. For this we explore the sociological perspectives.

internation management :: essays research papers

â€Å" As a firm develops its advertising strategy, it must consider three factors : –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The message they want to convey –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the media available for conveying the message –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the extent to which the firm wants to globalise its advertising effort† (book, p. 657) The promotion designated in the â€Å"4 Ps† involves the communication, the personnal selling, the sales promotions, and public realtions. Firstly, as regards communication, Donnar is a B-to-B company, so they don t ad for the public. However, they try to convey a strong message to their customers in Australia. â€Å"The message of an advertisement refers to the facts or impressions the advertiser wants to convey to potential customers.† (book, p.657) their message is mainly â€Å"reliability, dependability and a market name which is wellknown in China† (Catts, C., 2004, email, 5th April) by mentioning awards and certificates awarded in China by numerous agencies. Their global communication policy is 'think globally, act locally' (Catts, C., 2004, email, 5th April) which means that they use the same commercials in Australia and in China, but not the same actors. The medium (communication channel) used is ATM managers, banks and past relationships (Catts, C., 2004 , email, 5th April). Secondly, personnal selling means â€Å"making sales on the basis of personnal contacts† (book, p. 662). This technic is currently used by Donnar wich â€Å"also use the relationships they have with certain companies in China and abroad to enter the market and use their name for promotion† (Catts, C., 2004, email, 5th April) . This way of making promotion is very efficient because it directly relates to something the buyer know. Thirdly, Donnar doesn t make any sales promotions like coupons or in store promotion, because, as we said before, it is a B to B business which doesn t react as individuals to this kind of incentive. Finally, our company widely use the public relations with an internet site (www.donar.com.cn), Advertisement on banking and ATM management newsletters, conferences all over the world... The 4th P refers to Place or, commonly, distribution. â€Å"Distribution involves moving products and services from the firm to the firm's customer† (book, p. 665). Donar â€Å"use freight boats shipped from Shanghai and Homg Kong because [they] have a factory in Shenzhen.† (Catts, C., 2004, email, 5th April). This system present the advantages of being inexpensive and good for large products, but is quite slow and indirect (Table 16.4 : Advantages and disadvantages of differents modes of transportation for exports and imports, book, p.

Girl, Interrupted Essay -- essays research papers

Girl, Interrupted Part I: Critical Analysis Author: Susanna Kaysen. Girl, Interrupted: New York Division of Random House. Inc 1993. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the author’s topic? The author’s topic is about a teenager name Susanna Kaysen. At 18 she voluntarily turned herself into McLean Hospital. 2.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identify the author’s main idea(s). In other words, what is the main point the author is attempting to make about the book?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author’s has 2 main points; one point is about her two-year stay McLean hospital. The second main point talks about how she handles and gets treated for being depressive and suicidal. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identify the author’s overall pattern(s) of organization. Give examples and/or details to explain your answer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The pattern the author uses is time order; she starts off the book with her case record, which was submitted in 1967. The last example given is her recovery record; she left and had a recovery of her depression and being suicidal in 1969. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What biases, if any, can you detect from the author’s writing? Give examples and details to support your answer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author isn’t biased about anything, she wasn’t for anything and she wasn’t against anything. Susanna Kaysen was simply trying to find her place in the world through the world of medicine. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is this book mostly concerned with factual information, or does the author use conjecture and opinion to make his/her point? What detail and examples support your answer?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Girl, Interrupted is all factual information. Susanna Kaysen the author has put her reports from the doctors that were helping her in the book. On August 9,1967 the author Susanna Kaysen 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identify the author’s purpose(s) for writing this book. In your opinion, does the author accomplish his/ her purpose? Support your answer with concrete evidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author’s purpose to the story is to make people notice how people are being treated in a mental institution. Susanna Kaysen writes about the girls in the ward as if nothing is wrong with them. She writes about being in a pschychiatri... ...ok. The girls in the book make up swear words about the weirdest things or how they act if they don’t get something they want. In a way I can relate to that because my mom is just a little bit like some of the girls in the story. If she doesn’t get what she wants she gets mad at the world and it is unnecessary, and that’s for everything. I think that’s just too spoiled. The girl I can most relate to in the story is Polly, because I can see myself listening to everyone and not complaining about anything really in life. But she was also a burn victim that didn’t complain about her face. I’m almost like her, I never once think I’m cute or beautiful, and I don’t complain about anything about my body. I know I have to live with what I have, so what’s the point in complaining about it. One more way I can relate to the story is my cousin is like my cousin she tried to the whole I swallowed this many pill thing. I never got why she did it. She never told me why, on the other hand she had some problems in the past with some things. So maybe that might have been the problem. But she never passed out like Susanna did in the beginning of the book. I’m just glad my cousin didn’t die.

Education On Health Promotion Essay

Q. 1 Validity is said to be the power to convince about the conclusions that have been found. It is the strength that the conclusion has to convince others on the facts that have been outlined. There are said to be four types of validity namely external, conclusion, construct and internal validity (http://www. brainyquote. com). The external validity is about the ability to generalize the findings to other settings, the conclusion looks for a relationship between the outcomes and the program, the construct validity determines the presence of a relationship between concepts in a study and an actual casual relationship and finally the internal validity looks for the relationship between the study object and the outcomes of the study. On the other hand, reliability is said to be the ability to get the same results over and over again when performing the same test at different times (http://www. asiamarketresearch. com). It is said to estimate how consistent your measurements are. For a tool of measurement to be reliable, it has to give the same results when used at different times by different people to measure the same thing. It can be tested through using different questions that measure the same thing to see if the answers are consistent while the test/retest method means getting the same findings for the same test done at different times but under the same conditions. Validity and reliability will be used in the dissertation to test the conclusion. First checking on the reliability of the tools of measurements does this. This ensures that the data provided for the study is to be trusted as being correct. It also helps eliminate the data that contains some inconsistencies. Once all the reliable data has been compiled, it can then be used to arrive at some conclusion. This conclusion will be valid if all the measurements that have been done have involved the data that was supposed to be measured. If one has been using the correct data using reliable tools then the conclusion will be a valid one. The correct questions have to be asked in relation to the topic and the measurement tools have to be reliable for the conclusion to be valid. Q. 2 When starting a project one begins with choosing a topic on which to research on (http://www. ri. net/schools/East_Greenwich/research. html). This topic should not be too general as to include subjects that are not relevant to the researcher instead it should be very specific on what is to be research on. When choosing a topic, one uses the tool of research called the â€Å"human mind†. This is because a topic is chosen according to how the researcher perceives the surroundings and thus requires reasoning and analyzing which uses the brain. Next is gathering the relevant background information concerning the topic. This can be done through the use of the computer and its software. It is done to get the most basic information on the chosen topic. This information can be supplemented by the use of the library where one can find encyclopedias among other sources. This information is used to refine the chosen topic (http://www. ri. net/schools/East_Greenwich/research. html). If there is need to change the research topic it is done now. After revisiting your topic, you now need to gather the information needed. This is done by the use of the computer and the library. This information is then supplemented by fieldwork, which uses different methods of gathering information. This is done to confirm or challenge the statistics gotten from the library and computer software. While conducting the field research, one has to estimate the reality of the tools of measurement so as to ensure the information gotten is correct and in the process eliminate those, which contain errors after this is done, the information is coded and analyzed. The information is now ready for use to get the conclusion and then organize it to be able to write it in a way that the reader will understand. When it comes to the writing part, the language to be used has to be chosen carefully. It has to be a language accessible to all the presumed readers. The research is then written and is used to justify the problem statement and why the project should be undertaken. The conducting of a research and writing of a dissertation are the actual start of a project. This is because they justify the reason why the project can now start. All the six tools of research are used to ensure that the information provided in the research is reliable and valid. One can only gain experience in the use of these tools by conducting many researches. By writing dissertations and research papers, one ahs to use these tools and in so doing gets a lot of experience in their use. Over time one gets to learn how to use the various tools. When it comes to computers, one has to solicit the help of computer experts an also using the help icon in the computer. For a researcher, it is very useful to join research projects as an assistant researcher. This ensures that one gains a lot of experience and by working with an expert researcher one is able to pick up quite a number of tricks in the research field. Also as a research assistant, one does a lot of work and so is able to come up with new and more effective ways of using the tools of research. On top of this, one is able to choose which tools they can use best and which ones they need to work on to understand how they are used. To learn to be an expert researcher, one can only go through the above mentioned process of first becoming a research assistant. The expert researcher has to be able to use the six tools of research namely the human mind, the computer and its software, the statistics, the traditional library, tools of measurement and the language facility. It one has gone through the process of becoming a research assistant, there is knowledge gained from constant use of the tools and one can then be able to decide which tools they are most comfortable using. All the tools are important and necessary to any researcher but the order of importance assigned to each tool is what differs from researcher to researcher. It is only through experience of having worked on many research projects does one become competent in the use of all the tools and so that is what any novice researcher concentrates more on. Q. 3 The dissertation topic is education on health promotion.  From the interview with the researcher, I have learned how to use the six tools of research in the dissertation topic. By using the human mind, the topic, which is education on health promotion, was chosen. Using the computer and its software, the topic will be researched on and the basic knowledge gathered. Since the topic has enough materials to be used, it will not be changed. The information is then supplemented with that from the traditional library. After the topic has been re-affirmed, the field information will be collected and this will be done by using tools of measurement that are reliable (http://www. ih. gov/news/researchtools/). Once the information has been collected, it is then analyzed, cleaned and coded. The findings will now be used in writing the paper. When writing the paper the language to be used has to be that which the targeted readers can understand. When writing one has to avoid plagiarism and ensuring that any information from other sources is cited will do this. The paper must be in the proper format and should include all the parts of a project paper. The conclusion will have to support the topic and reason for the research. It will therefore have to support education on health promotion

The Dutchman by Leroi Jones

The Dutchman by Leroi Jones Summary Clay, a twenty year old black man is taking the subway. At first glance he looks like an educated black man. Lulu on the other hand is a thirty year old white woman. She is a decade older than Clay. She is tall, slender, and beautiful. Her long red hair flows straight down her back. It is a chance meeting, man and woman did not know each other. Lulu sits down besides Clay and talks him as if she knew him.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Dutchman by Leroi Jones specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She engages in him in a light conversation. She is teasing him, saying that Clay looked at her with lust in his eyes. In his defense, Clay vehemently denies her accusations. She starts to humiliate him talking about his utter lack of independence, the fact that he is living with his parents and making references to racial slurs and other forms of insults. But the moment that Clay shows his discomfort, she changes her tone and appears to be friendlier. The change of heart disarms Clay and he is caught off-guard. The light banter quickly turns serious once again but this time she is forcing him to admit that he is a phony, a man who wants to be someone he is not. She is obviously referring to the fact that Clay is a black man trying to behave as if he is a white man. When things began to overheat she diffuses the tension by making sexual gestures that sent a clear message to her seatmate. She places her hand on Clay’s knee and she said: â€Å"Am I exciting you now?† (Baraka, p.4). Once again Clay is caught-off guard and he lowers his defenses once more, each time he allows Lulu to enter deeper into his heart and mind. Clay is no match for a seductress. He has no clue that Lulu is playing with him. Lulu’s actions are all premeditated and she is trying to lead him to a place to be comfortable and vulnerable before she pounces on her unsuspecting prey. The seduction continues in an accelerated pace. By her words and actions she makes Clay believe that they will make love in her apartment. Clay believes her with all his heart that there is a genuine attraction between them. This is made evident in the opening of the second scene when the audience can see Lulu hugging the arm of Clay. The young man’s tie is loose and suggests that he is already comfortable with her and willing to follow her lead. The seduction is complete and the hunter is ready for the kill. Her actions seem to be harmless at first. Lulu is acting as if she is overly excited about something. She began to throw things out of her bag and into the aisle of the train. She began to sing and all of a sudden she was hysterical. She is like woman under the control of a spirit.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is as if a foul spirit is controlling her like a puppet. It is also as if she is drunk. She is gyrating wildly. The behavior did not really bother Clay except for the words coming out of her mouth. Lulu began to humiliate Clay in front of the other passengers. After some time Clay could no longer take the insults. Clay grabs her arms and forces her to her seat. Lulu refuses to obey and so Clay hit her on the face. The force of the violence slams her head against the back of the seat. Clay began to verbalize his frustrations and aims his speech at Lulu and the passengers. He told them that the world should let them be. He is referring to the black man and their desire to fit in. He is angry and he said that murder is a simpler solution but he would not use it. But when he calms down and ready to leave the train Lulu stabs her with a knife. She kills him and all the passengers did nothing. The passengers are passive. When all the passengers are already out of the train, Lulu waits for her next target. A young black man boards the train. After a while an old Negro conductor enters the car and he tips his hat to Lulu. Characters Clay represents all middle class African-Americans who are desperate to fit in. Clay’s character demonstrates how this can be done by acting like a white man. He is educated and speaks as if he has an English accent. He associates with white people. He is not afraid to interact with them. The lack of inhibition against white people is made evident when Clay did not back down against an equally talented, beautiful and educated woman in the person of Lulu. Aside from trying to fit into the white man’s world Clay improves on his actions by choosing friends that are like him. His desire to create a world where whites and blacks can interact is made clear when Lulu made a playful reference to one of his friends and said: â€Å"Is Warren Enright a tall skinny black boy with a phony English accent† (Baraka, p.4). While Clay’s desire to live in peace in a white man’s world is acc eptable to some, there are those who feels that it is wrong to do so. This is where the character of Lulu and the old conductor plays a vital role in the story. Lulu hates the idea that Clay is not real. The old conductor represents black people who oppose the actions and belief system of the young man Clay.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Dutchman by Leroi Jones specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lulu is a complex character. She plays the part of the hunter and she also plays the part of a person who hates black people and everything they stand for. She wants to eliminate from the face of the earth. Aside from being racist she also plays the role of a victim. Lulu represents those who felt that they are victims of the actions of young black man desiring to enter their world. She resents them and ends up becoming some sort of a persecutor to force black people to realize that they should not aspire to become white . It is also possible that Lulu is a victim of violence and she blames young black man for that crime. She is therefore enforcing the law to punish the guilty. The old conductor represents all the members of the black community who wants to preserve the status quo. He also represents the fence sitters – the people who are aware that racial violence has been committed and yet refuses to believe in the reports and refuses to act on it. The old conductor is a member of the Negro race and he refuses to lift a finger because he is already content with life and he wants to keep his job. The young black man who came in at the latter part of the story represents all the young black males that have faith in the system. This young black man is like Clay who came before him. He has the proper attire and the tools he needs to convince others that he is more than willing to do anything to be like white people. His character represents those who thought that imitating the ways of the white man results in acceptance but there are people like Lulu who think otherwise. Setting The setting of the play represents the world where black and white people interact. It is a meeting place, a location wherein they interact. They may not like each other but in the train station they meet face-to-face and it is inevitable for their bodies to touch because they are to take a journey together. The setting is also a microcosm of the real world in terms of a society filled with different people coming from all sorts of social, political, background. Conflicts There are three types of conflict that is evident in the play. The first is man against man or more specifically the conflict between the young black man and the white woman. The second major conflict is man against himself. Clay is torn by two opposing forces. He knows that he has to be true to himself and that he has to be proud of his heritage but he is also aware that he has to become someone he is not. He imitates the white man because of his desire for acceptance.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third major conflict is man against society because Clay feels there is oppression from without. He feels the impact of racism and he wants to retaliate but he believes that he is powerless to do so and decides to keep quiet. Symbolism One of the symbolisms in the story is the reference to Adam and Eve. The apple is the symbol of seduction and temptation. Lulu comes into the train eating and apple. Clay understands the significance of the action. She makes him understand that the apple is a tool to seduce him. This symbolism is important if one takes a closer look at the nature of temptation and the consequences of falling into the trap set by the woman. In this play Clay wants to do the right thing. He thought that he is safe by doing the right thing. Nevertheless, the temptation is stronger than he thought. The symbolism helps explain the struggles of the young black man. Significance The significance of the play can be seen in two ways. The first one is the need to break free from the idea that acceptance can only be achieved by conforming into an alien and restrictive lifestyle. Clay is unhappy but he forces himself to do things against his true desire. He is hoping that he can receive the acceptance and friendship of the white people. Although Clay is wrong in trying to imitate white people and doing things for the sake of maintaining the status quo, Lulu exhibits a more destructive behavior because her hatred causes her to kill. One of the moral lessons of the story is that violence is not the answer. If one uses violence then there is no resolution because the cycle continues. Themes One of the main themes is Race and Racism. This is made evident in Lulu’s harsh response to Clay’s choice of clothes and she says: What’ve you got that jacket and tie on in all this heat for? And why’re you wearing a jacket and tie like that? Did your people ever burn witches or start revolution over the price of tea? Boy, those narrow-should er clothes come from a tradition you ought to feel oppressed by. A three-button suit. What right do you have to be wearing a three-button snit and striped tie? Your grandfather was a slave; he didn’t go to Harvard (Baraka, p.9). In every chance that she could get Lulu tries to insult and humiliate Clay because of his race. Lulu is not only hateful to black people she is also mean to people that does not shares her religious background. Her racist attitude is evident in the following statement: â€Å"You’re too serious. I bet you’re even too serious to be psychoanalyzed. Like all those Jewish poets from Yonkers, who leave their mothers for other mothers, or other’s mothers, on whose baggy tits they lay their fumbling heads† (Baraka, p.17). The racist behavior leads to Cruelty and Violence, Passivity another major theme in the story. Both Clay and Lulu are guilty of violence. Clay hurt her and the drunkard with his excessive use of force. However, it is interesting to note that the passenger and the conductor did nothing to stop Lulu’s murderous rampage and that is a clear example of passivity. The third major theme is Victim and Victimization. This is seen through Lulus actions and words. In an indirect way Lulu is saying that she is a victim and she is doing these things to force the guilty to pay for their sins. She is playing the part of a victim. But at the same time she also acts the part of the person who is doing the â€Å"victimization† as she stalks and murder hapless prey. The fourth major theme is Sex Roles and is made evident by the sexual tension in the interaction of Clay and Lulu. This is an important theme to discuss because in the area of sexuality there is equality among people belonging to different social and cultural backgrounds. Lulu is white and Clay is black but they are attracted to each another. At least Clay demonstrates that he can flirt with a white woman and he can have a relationshi p with a white female. The fifth major them is Retribution. Lulu is killing young black men. It is an obsession. She is on some sort of a mission. She is a hunter looking for her prey and she seduces them for the purpose of killing them. It is possible that Lulu is a victim of some past crime and the perpetrator is an educated young black man. This is her way of seeking retribution. She has become a murderer but in her mind her actions is justified. She hates them for what they have done to her. However, payback time comes in the same way that she has been victimized by the perpetrator of the crime, she seduces them first so that they would not see the knife that she would use to kill them. Work Cited Baraka, Amiri. The Dutchman. New York: HarperCollins, 1964.

How British Cultural History Influenced Jk Rowling’s Hp Series Essays

How British Cultural History Influenced Jk Rowling’s Hp Series Essays How British Cultural History Influenced Jk Rowling’s Hp Series Essay How British Cultural History Influenced Jk Rowling’s Hp Series Essay How British cultural history influenced JK Rowling’s HP series JK Rowling’s choice of settings, quest and battles in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is closely connected with cultural history of Britain. These elements influence Rowling’s narrative much more than the average reader would think. Throughout the next paragraphs in this paper I will support my thesis that JK Rowling used British cultural history facts as an inspiration for her book. With that in mind JK Rowling made her book so realistic that readers digest her story easy and with ease and joy. To begin, let’s talk about the location of the novel. I’m sure that readers at one point asked themselves â€Å"Why London and England? † It’s not just coincidence; it is because the author has grown up under strong historic, patriotic influence of Britain and their huge role in WWII in resisting Nazi-Germany’s plans of conquering the world. England was the only nation in Europe that successfully fought the Nazis and was not defeated. With such a background setting, writing a book with such a thematic focused on the everlasting battle between good and evil in England was a natural choice. If we go back to WWII and Nazi Germany we can find many elements that are related to the novel. One of the main points of Adolf Hitler’s ideology was that the German race has roots to the Aryan race with pure blood and that this fact will make them better than the rest of the world. This ideology has a clear connection with the theories of Voldemort and his followers. The Death Eaters’ treatment of Mudbloods and others direct relates to the treatment that the Nazis regime gave to Jews, Slavs and any other nations they thought to be less worthy then the German race. This is the best place to quote JK Rowling when she fallowed Harry to the Ministry of Magic and says, â€Å"He examined it beneath the Invisibility Cloak. Its pink cover was emblazoned with a golden title: MUDBLOODS and the Dangers They Pose to a Peaceful Pure-Blood Society. (249)† The author represents and dresses them in the black that directly relates to what the Nazis used for their elite troops called SS. Just to be sure and clear with history facts, regular German army was called Wermacht and they wore green brown uniforms. But SS elite troops were only for chosen ones, dressed in the black and easy to recognize by skull and crossbones insignia on their hats and uniforms. Hitler’s closest personal guards were made from handpicked SS soldiers with clear German blood, brainwashed and ready to follow any order from their leader. This black color is associated with death, cold and darkness. People already have prejudices of what this color stands for and that is a reason why the author chooses this sense to guide readers in right directions. Because this black and suspicious color reader expect something bad to happen and automatically will question if their actions have any support in ethical and moral grounds. These guided directions from author will bring readers to the conclusion that all people deserve to be treated in same way with respect if they wish to receive the same treatment and respect. Based on all this facts I believed that JK Rowling choose same color as Nazi-German’s SS troops and the Hitler’s ideology from WWII to represent evil in already â€Å"known† color and ideology that Death Eater’s stand for. At very beginning of the novel we witness Harry’s attempt to run away from Dursleys home before his seventeenth birthday and the end of his mother’s protective spells. Harry and his followers faced air battle against Voldemort and his Death Eaters. I believe that Rowling chose this kind battle because she was very well aware of great importance this kind of battle has for England. Just to refresh our memory I need to say little bit a more about this battle. In fact, plans for a German invasion, named Operation Sea Lion, were in the works. The key to this plan was the establishment of German air superiority over southern England and the English Channel. That task fell to Goering and his Luftwaffe. What ensued would be the worlds first strategic bombing campaign and the worlds first battle entirely decided in the air, the Battle of Britain. Young pilots were dying daily in those fights showing a high moral and ethical values in time of crisis and making enormous psychological impact on rest of population. Rowling did a great job with bringing the readers into the battle. We see how serious the situation is with so many friends willing to sacrifice their lives in order to keep Harry alive for the final battle with the evil Voldemort. In every war there are losses, and they are present in novel when Harry lost his owl Hedwig and Mad-Eye in this opening battle. But life goes on and they have to continue their mission. This was one more fact to support my thesis of how JK Rowling used British history for inspiration in her work. Another very interesting point is trough the character Snape Severus and his role in everything that is happening in and around Hogwarts. Up to the very end of novel readers are not sure what to think about Snape. They share many question with Harry and one of them is, â€Å"Why Dumbledore trusted Snape so much? † And then at the very end he reveals his secret to the readers so they will see Snape in different light. Snape represents a double agent almost as a double spy like ones back in WWII, ones that risk their life for greater good. He played his role as a Death Eater so good that he tricked even Lord Voldemort and kept his secret for all this time, even in the middle of the final battle. Isn’t that example of heroic sacrifice similar to the spy’s from WWII when they valued the greater good more than theirs lives? I’m aware that is very hard to prove this statement, simple because there is no country that will reveal all details about their double agents assignments and private life. If we look at Snape as a mysterious person living a strange life and then take into consideration fact that there were nobody close to him to know his secrets and demons from past and understand his actions, that is only one thing from WWII that he remind me of. It is the Enigma Code Machine made by Germany. Secret machine used for the encryption and decryption of secret messages. British and American code breakers were able to decrypt code and use messages for their advantage. In my eyes Snape looks and act very much like this machine with Death Eaters but on another side he gave all information to the Dumbledore. To show how situation in novel is complex, Rowling needed more mystery around Snape character and that was best done in a way that I already explained. Unexpectedly Snape will earn a lot of sympathy for his actions based on everlasting and never returned and completed love, which makes him a tragic character. Dumbledore’s Army† looks very much like the freedom resistance against Nazis in Europe during WWII. Yes again theme from WWII that Rowling incorporated in novel and use it to make picture of resistance more realistic. Freedom resistance was very strong in a France and rest of the Europe and actually helped allies to fight against Nazi-Germany. Network of resi stance helped many that escaped labor camps of to hide allies’ survived pilots taken down by Nazis. This resistance all over Europe was very active and not limited only on adults but attracted youth also. Freedom resistance from WWII brought people from different classes of society, genders and age groups together for one great cause, to protect freedom and defeat tyranny. I believe that based on these facts Rowling decide to make it more realistic and to organize Hogwarts students, their families and even Dumbledor’s brother in the resistance against Lord Valdemort. We have very interesting meeting and discussion of Harry and Dumbledore’s Army in room of requirement: â€Å"We haven’t come back to stay,† said Harry, rubbing his scar, trying to soothe the pain. There’s something important we need to do-â€Å" â€Å"What is it? † â€Å"I-I can’t tell you. † There was a ripple of muttering at this: Neville’s brows contracted. â€Å"Why can’t you tell us? It’s something to do with fighting You-Know-Who, right? † â€Å"Well, Yeah-â€Å" â€Å"Then we’ll help you. â€Å"The other members of D umbledore’s Army were nodding, some enthusiastically, other solemnly. A couple of them rose from their chairs to demonstrate their willingness for immediate action (580). † Very complicated and hard experience for young souls also many sacrifices and losses but not for nothing as those in WWII This is my another argument that support thesis of JK Rowling using British historical facts to made book more accessible and realistic to readers. I start with defending my statement with fallowing arguments, location choice of JK Rowling, opening battle, than Nazi ideology and their favorite color, mysterious Snape-Enigma and to finish with Dumbledore’s Army. With all these facts presented in this paper I believe that is more clear now to readers how JK Rowling used British cultural history as a proven recipe success for her Harry Potter series.

Book Genres List of Book Genres with Examples, Word Counts, More

Book Genres List of Book Genres with Examples, Word Counts, More Book Genres: List of Book Genres with Examples, Word Counts, More As a writer (or author) knowing the different book genres is vital to your overall knowledge as a professional, and for your books success.Not only is labeling your genre correctly important butNot doing so can result in low book sales, negative book reviews on Amazon, and unsatisfied readers overall.When youre writing a book, the genre you write in is super important because it will dictate the different literary elements within your book.Heres a list of the different book genres:NOTE: We cover what you need to know about selling in your specific genre in all of our Self-Publishing Programs. Learn more about it hereKnowing Your Book Genres is ImportantAs an author, its important to know the differences in genres so youre well informed about what youre writing.Obviously, your audience may change from genre to genre.Not only that, but the rules for writing also vary depending on which genre you write in, which means youll have to understand them in order to get it right.How many book genres are there?There are more book genres than you might think. In this blog post, well cover 22 of them, however, there are upwards for 40 genres and even more if you count sub-genres for books.For example, you can have a book thats a dystopian fantasy novel.Dystopian and fantasy can be genres on their own but if you have a dystopian story that involves magic, your book will then have two genres.This is also important to keep in mind when you have subplots within a novel that might fall into a separate genre.Youll see this most often with romantic sub plots in broader genres like fantasy or sci-fi.What are the main book genres?There are such a large number of book genres that we cant cover them all in this post, though we will cover 22 of them for you.That being said, being familiar with the most common can help you identify which your book will fall under.These are the main book genres:FantasySci-FiMysteryThrillerRomanceWesternsDystopianContemporaryLets go into more detail with these and nonfiction book genres as well.List of Book Genres All Authors Should KnowIf youre looking to sharpen your knowledge as an author or are just trying to find which genre your book fits in specifically (perhaps to decide which Amazon categories to go after), weve got you covered.Here are 22 book genres, both fiction and nonfiction, to help you understand which is which and how you should label your novel.#1 FantasyFantasy encompasses a huge part of the book world. Its one of the most popular book genres out there- a personal favorite of mine to read and write.Fantasy is a genre thats identified by the use of magic within it.Overall, fantasy is the genre of possibility. You can write in a little magic, like Jenna Morecis The Saviors Champion or you can write a book where magic is the forefront of the plot, like with J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter.To take this a step further, lets look at the different categories within this genre that has more specific characteristics.Young Adul t Fantasy Genre:Young adult is typically meant for readers between the ages of 13-17. However, adults enjoy this category of writing just as much as teens.One thing to keep in mind when writing young adult fantasy is that the themes and messages within the literature will often revolve around teen-aged problems, like coming of age and exploration of identity.Average word count for this book genre: 60,000 90,000 wordsAdult Fantasy Genre:When you think of adult fantasy, think Game of Thrones or Lord of the Rings versus Harry Potter or Children of Blood and Bone.The main plots or themes in adult fantasy will likely revolve around more grown issues like the difference between right and wrong, death, adult relationships, and more.Average word count for this book genre: 70,000 110,000Epic Fantasy Genre:An epic fantasy novel is characterizes by the overall lengthy and grandiose nature of its plot, characters, setting, or theme.Books that tend to call into this book genre are Game of Thro nes and Lord of the Rings, like we mentioned above. Most often, epic fantasies will also fall under fantasy adventures.Average word count for this book genre: 100,000 200,000 +#2 AdventureWriting a novel in the adventure category will require a trip, journey, or quest of some kind as the overall plot.Your average adventure novel often focuses on both the characters physical journey as well as the journey they go through as a person throughout the novel.Average word count for this book genre: 90,000 130,000Epic Adventure Genre:As stated above for an epic fantasy, any genre thats epic is characterized by the magnitude of the plot, character, or themes themselves.An example of an epic adventure novel is Moby Dick, which stands at about 190,000 words and 720 pages long.Average word count for this book genre: 120,000 200,000#3 RomanceRomance authors have one specific goal when it comes to their books: to make you fall in love with the characters just as much as the characters fall i n love with each other.In this book genre, the romance is the center point of the plot. The entire novel moves around the relationship, though other plot points may be present.A classic example of a romance novel is The Notebook by Nicholas Sparks.When used as a sub plot:Romance can also be used a subplot in many novels, and is, in fact, used quite often as a complementary element in books.When romance is used as a sub plot, the main plot does not have to do with the relationship but rather, is something completely different. The romance simply adds to the plot in order to increase conflict or intrigue.Average word count for this book genre: 70,000 100,000#4 ContemporaryThis book genre is among the most popular, though most writers arent sure of what this category even is.The contemporary book genre is simply books written in the current time period with most of the parts of the novel revolving around common issues in a characters life.But really, this genre is actually more of th e absence of a genre. You may have heard this genre lumped in with others, like Contemporary Fantasy or Contemporary Romance.The term is used to tell readers that this book takes place in current times, though it might cover other genres as well.Average word count for this book genre: 60,000 90,000#5 DystopianThis is a newer book genre thats really been picking up popularity within the last 5 to 10 years.Though many stories of this nature have been published prior, the term dystopian was recently coined to describe a book genre in which the current government or society has been destroyed and the book centers around the aftermath.The dystopian genre can also be used as a secondary genre label in order to clarify the contents of the book, much like with contemporary.For example, you can have a Dystopian Fantasy novel as well as a Dytopian Science Fiction novel.Here are some examples of dystopian novels:The Hunger GamesYoung WorldHandmaids TaleAverage word count for this book genre: 60,000 110,000#6 MysteryWeve all heard of the mystery book genres. Its an extremely popular genre, and for a good reason.This book genre is defined by the plot focusing on solving a mystery, most often with the mystery impacting the main character to the point where theyre the ones involved in solving it.Many other genres can have mysteries within them (in fact, most do), but what makes a book specific to this genre is the fact that the mystery is the main plot and point of the book.Writing a mystery novel requires the MOST planning of all the other genres in order to get the effect right.Click To TweetAverage word count for this book genre: 60,000 90,000#7 HorrorHorror novels are characterized by the fact that the main plot revolves around something scary and terrifying.Oftentimes, you can find that Horror and Thriller describe the same book, though well touch more on why thrillers are not always horror novels in the next section.Average word count for this book genre: 60,000 90,000#8 ThrillerIf youre writing a thriller novel, the book will focus around a high suspense and action-packed plot.This book genre most often deals with danger and dread instead, with high emotional impact involving fear.Here are some examples of popular thriller novels:The Girl With The Dragon TattooThe Woman in Cabin 10The ShiningItAverage word count for this book genre: 60,000 110,000#9 ParanormalParanormal books are characterized by including paranormal activity, like ghosts, clairvoyance, mediums, demons, vampires, and more.The difference between fantasy and paranormal is the elements within. Paranormal doesnt typically have magic like witches or fantasy-specific beings like unicorns, mermaids, and more.But the paranormal book genre includes a current or real-life setting and is not often set in another world, like fantasy sometimes can be.However, keep in mind that you can have a paranormal fantasy novel if your book covers both types of abnormal occurrences.Average wor d count for this book genre: 60,000 90,000#10 Historical FictionThis book genre is exactly as it sounds: a fictional story that takes place in the past.Usually, historical fiction centers around known events or problems that take place in a time significantly prior to the present.Average word count for this book genre: 60,000 90,000#11 Science FictionSci-fi is among the most popular book genre there is. With movie adaptations like Star Wars and Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, this genre has exploded and is abundant in the book world.Science fiction novels are those that take place in a futuristic society with advanced technology and occasionally otherworldly beings.This is another genre that can add to another, like with Sci-Fi Fantasy, which would include a futuristic world with advanced technology and some sort of fantastical being or magic.The word count for this novel genre can be extensive depending on the storyline.Average word count for this book genre: 60,000 90,000#12 MemoirOn to the nonfiction writing portion of these book genres and first up is memoirs.When writing a memoir, youre essentially telling the reader about the most defining moments in your life that have led you to where you are and who you are today.Memoirs differ from autobiographies in the sense that an autobiography is more of a timeline of your life, events, and accomplishments whereas a memoir is more of a collection of the most significant moments, pulled together by a theme or message you wish to share with readers.Average word count for this book genre: 45,000 80,000 #13 CookbookYou already know what a cookbook is.Cookbooks are those featuring recipes and directions for making the dishes correctly. Not only that, but many cookbooks features stories about why the dish was created and the inspiration behind it.Average word count for this book genre: Cookbooks vary greatly and are more dependent on number of recipes instead of total words.#14 ArtThis book genre encompasses several different types of books. However, all of them require the same thing: a focus on something art-related.There are many ways a book can qualify to be in the art genre.Here are a few ways your book would be a part of the art genre:it covers art-factsit teaches specific art methodsit discusses are in detail (art history)art is a primary focus of the bookAverage word count for this book genre: 10,000 60,000#15 Self-help / Personal DevelopmentIf youre writing a book aimed to aid someone in their personal life, as well as lift them up to make positive change, its likely youre writing in the self-help or personal development book genre.Essentially, if your book helps others have a better life by empowering them, it will fall under this genre.Keep in mind, this book genre is one that encompasses many other genres as well. You can have a health self-help book in additional to a relationship self-help.Average word count for this book genre: 30,000 70,000#16 MotivationalThis book genre is on the rise significantly as of late. If you write in this genre, your book will center around empowering people to do whatever it is theyre struggling with.Essentially, motivational books focus on problems that can prevent people from accomplishing their goals and dreams, and how to solve them.Most often, motivational books can be lumped in with other book genres like health, fitness, business, and self-help.Average word count for this book genre: 30,000 70,000#17 HealthThe health book genre is vast and covers a wide variety of different topics.Your book will fall under this wide genre if it features anything health-related. This can be topics ranging from fitness, holistic healing, to more complex medical topics and in-depth coverage of different health conditions.Average word count for this book genre: 30,000 70,000#18 HistoryAny book covering historical facts of any kind would fall under this category. And since this is nonfiction, they all have to be accurate.Many history books are much different than what you might have read in school. In fact, there are several books simply covering different events in history written in a more entertaining fashion versus a factional play-by-play textbook.Those books still fall under this book category.ï » ¿Average word count for this book genre: 30,000 70,000#19 TravelWhether youre writing travel guides or an in-depth review of different travel destinations, this book genre will cover all of them.Your book would also fall under this genre if youre writing about travel-hacks or ways to travel for cheap or even free.Average word count for this book genre: 20,000 50,000#20 Guide / How-toThere are so many guide books and how-tos out there that its fairly easy to know if your book fits this genre.The way to know if your book falls in this genre is to think about the core purpose. Is your book written in order to show someone how to do something specific?The biggest giveaway is in the book title. If your ti tle features how to then its in this genre!Average word count for this book genre: 3,000 50,000#21 Families and RelationshipsYou can write a book about how to build a stronger familial foundation or a book about improving your relationship. Either way, those books would fall under this category.Oftentimes, books in this genre will fall under a smaller, more specified genre as well, like family bonding or romantic relationships or even fostering friendships.The relationships genre is not to be confused with the fiction romance genre.Average word count for this book genre: 30,000 50,000#22 HumorIf youve ever read a joke book or a book revolving around a humorous endeavor of some sort, it falls under this book category.Books in this genre are also often gag gifts or are meant to be facetious.Average word count for this book genre: 10,000 50,000Are you writing a book? Get ahead of the game here ↓If youre ready to take your idea to the next level, this training is where you s hould start so that you can get ahead of the game and set you (and your book!) up for success.

The Causes of the Financial Crisis in 2008 Essay

The Causes of the Financial Crisis in 2008 - Essay Example It played a striking role in the failure of key businesses. It also contributed to the decrease in consumer wealth estimated to be in trillions of US dollars and a downturn in economic activities that led to global recession of 2008 – 2012 and also contributed to the European sovereign – debt crisis. It led to the increase of the TED spread that reflected an increase in perceived credit risk. The TED spread is the difference between rates of interest on interbank loans and on short – term U.S government debt. The spread of TED increase is shown in the graph below: The spread (in red) increases significantly during the crisis. The spread size is usually denominated in basis points e.g. if the bill rate (T - bill) is 5.1% and ED trades at 5.5% then the TED spread is 40 basis points. The TED spread has fluctuated over time but generally has maintained the range of within 10 and 50 basis points except during the financial crisis. In general the financial crisis cause d a very big damage to the world economy and many researchers have carried out studies to explain the causes of this crisis. We try to look into some of the causes below. Imprudent mortgage lending is considered a cause to the crisis as compared to a backdrop of abundance in credit, reduced interest rates, and over the roof prices for houses, lending standard became hassle free enabling many people to engage in the purchase of houses they couldn’t afford. ... Competitive pressures contributed to the increase in the amount of subprime lending during the years preceding the crisis. Source: U.S census bureau, Harvard University. State of the nation’s housing report 2008 The graph shows the dramatic expansion of subprime lending in the U.S between 2004 and 2006. Another cause was the housing bubble where the Federal Reserve allowed housing prices to sour to an all-time high that was unsustainable. Once the bubble burst as it was bound to, it triggered the crisis. The Federal Reserve maintained interest rates artificially low, per month payments to mortgage were low too and housing prices went up. Home owners took equity loans to pay their initial mortgages and credit card debts until the home prices peaked and the house of cards started to crumble. Mortgage debts would not be increased to pay previous debts. Lack of transparency and accountability in mortgage financing also did contribute to the 2008 financial crisis. Many participants in the housing finance sector contributed to the crisis through the creation of bad mortgages and selling of bad securities with confidence that they won’t be held accountable. Lenders would sell exotic mortgages to home owners without considering the repercussions in case the mortgages failed. Similarly, a trader would sell to investors’ securities that are toxic with fear of personal responsibility in case the contracts failed. The system collapsed through the maximization of personal gains and passing of the problem down the chain from brokers, to realtors, to individuals in rating agencies, and to other market participants. The great promise of managing risk by the ‘originate – to – distribute’ model of finance failed with

How does social media affect our lives Annotated Bibliography

How does social media affect our lives - Annotated Bibliography Example I plan to use this information to understand more about the impact and the wide usage of social media among various individuals. I will use all the scholarly research in this book to understand and address social media in all its applied fields including politics, schools, and public relations. Most of social media researchers have classified individuals into either lurkers or posters. Many individuals just read comments without making any posts on social media. Posters are individuals who post while lurkers just consume the posts of others without actually posting anything. While lurkers find social media as a crucial source of information, posters express themselves through social media platforms. This book conducts massive research on the same to come up with various reasons why individuals turn to social media platforms. Teenagers have a tendency of communicating through social media platforms such as face book and instagram. Such interactions have various effects on their lives. This book tends to unravel the myths regarding the use of social media platforms by teenagers. It explores various topics including identity, safety, bullying, privacy, and danger. Issues emerged in universities across the United States with the emergence of face book. Such online social media platforms have been prevalent among college students. However, it has left the practitioners of students’ affairs with the problem of identifying how such platforms affect the college students. This study is important for me as it will enable me understand the impact various social media platforms have on college students. It will also help me understand the challenges brought about and how to deal with them. The book conducts various case studies to determine how social media affects politics by investigating their power on political discourse. It collects original scholarly research on

Compare and Contrast the North American and European Perspectives on Essay

Compare and Contrast the North American and European Perspectives on Competitive Balance - Essay Example A higher competitive balance would be determined if the disparity of the league presentation is minimal in relation to the perfect league (Zimbalist, 508). Most persons have made sports as their professions through which, they earn their livelihood. Europe and North America are among the regions with significant ventures in sports. Both North America and Europe tend to expose their superiority in sports, but in unique ways. The regions show outstanding approaches on different types of sports such as football, boxing, basketball and athletics. North America and Europe possess similar elements in sports that are susceptible to evaluations to allow comparison and the determination of contrasts. The comparison of the sports between the two regions incorporates the balancing of the similar aspects of their sports process. The contrasts would entail the disparities in the elements of sports and the procedures incorporated in the regional sports of North America and Europe. Sporting teams i nvolve in a combined production during competition and the value of their results contributes to their product sold to the spectators. Sports are also unique because the predetermination of the results lowers the public’s turn up and decreases the demand. This exercise would incorporate the inclusion of credible examples to enhance the vividness of evaluated sports instances. European sports have postulated a significant dominance in one sport, the football. The football has become a source of aesthetics in the European countries such as England and Spain. Therefore, the European football has attracted many individuals from various regions of the globe. Consequently, the European football has undergone modifications in every aspect accompanied by enhanced degree of specializations. Europe possesses one of the largest markets of football kits and the football personalities. Europe has also the efficiently balanced football schedule that offers guidelines throughout the leagues throughout the sporting year (Zimbalist, 508). In contrast, the North America practices a diversified sports system in their competitions. The Americans have ensured minor disparities between different sports and activities. The North Americans have ensured proficient in other sports such as athletics, basketball, tennis and rugby. The consideration of different sports equally might attribute to better economic welfare since there are more sources of revenue to the states. The sports also exhibit different competitive balances in their performance equally. For instance, the National Basketball Association has attained two champions, the Celtics who dominated in 1959 and ten years after and the 76ers, which won thereafter. Other teams have also surfaced in the championships winnings such as the Lakers, Pockets and Pistons, bulls. This competition in basketball also shows that the North Americans engage actively in more than one sport, unlike the Europe. The European sports exhibit a significant degree of flexibility regarding the teams participating in tournaments and leagues. The European football leagues entail the pyramid system, which allows for the appreciation and depreciation of ranks of the teams basing on performance. The European leagues exist in different categories for instance

Opinion Esay (Government) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Opinion Esay (Government) - Essay Example Most of the Americans wish to live without any debt and have the ability to retire at 65 years, but this can only happen if they accumulate large amounts of wealth. The American constitution offers equal opportunity to all citizens in achieving the American dream. However, achieving the American dream is becoming more challenging in the society today. The rising difference in the wealth gap between races is an example of how hard it has become to achieve the American dream. The difference is evident even in the racial line with the whites having better living standards and opportunities than the black Americans. The racial wealth gap in America is becoming deeper showing the inequality in the American society (Johnson, 2). Some individuals may feel to be in better position than their parents, but the whole society is experiencing increasing gaps in opportunities available. The gap shows that the future generation may not be able to have equal opportunity in achieving their

Organ Transplants Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organ Transplants - Research Paper Example As such, these determinations must be based on fair and equitable criteria, including rate of success, medical need, and length of time on the waiting list. In any case, these criteria have managed to ensure the logical, as well as the unbiased distribution of organs to those who need it the most. Organ Transplants Organ transplants are one of the many innovations in healthcare which are currently gaining popular clinical application. This practice is mostly done in order to replace a failing or diseased organ in the hope of extending and/or improving a patient’s life. This paper shall discuss about organ transplants and related information pertaining to its applications. This essay is being carried out in order to establish a clear and comprehensive understanding of organ transplants and how they apply to the clinical practice. Discussion WebMd (2010) discusses that organ transplants are medical procedures carried out in order to replace a â€Å"failing organ with a healthy organ†. Organs which can be transplanted include kidneys, liver, heart, pancreas, lungs, and small intestines (WebMD, 2010). Not all people can be considered for this procedure and a series of tests have to be undertaken first in order to determine a person’s viability for such procedure. ... Now, many of these transplants are considered routine procedures for hospitals (WebMD, 2010). The rate of success for these procedures are based on various factors, including the organ being transplanted, the number of organs being transplanted, and the disease which causing the organ failure (WebMD, 2010). In the US, there are about 59 organ procurement organizations which furnish deceased donor organs to the transplant centers (Nathan, Conrad, Held, Pietroski, Siminoff, and Ojo, 2003). Out of these procurement groups, 50 operate independently, and nine are hospital-based. The procurement organizations have a connected geographical area which are considered as recovery centers for organs for the various hospitals in the area (Nathan, et.al., 2003). In determining the viability of organ donation, the time, the manner, and the place of the donor’s death are usually considered (POST, 2004). More often than not, organ donors are those whose brain functions have ceased, but whose organs are still viable and are â€Å"being maintained by medical support† (POST, 2004, p. 1). With current improvements in medical care, including the prolongation of human life, the number of these donors, otherwise known as heart beating donors, has decreased (POST, 2004). Other methods of procuring organs have been considered in order to fill in the gaps of organ need and most of the alternatives have been directed towards living donations, mostly for kidneys and livers. Some of these organs have also been retrieved shortly after patient deaths following critical illness and road accidents (POST, 2004). Since 2002, based on federal rules, the designation of the procurement organizations were made

Opinion Esay (Government) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Opinion Esay (Government) - Essay Example Most of the Americans wish to live without any debt and have the ability to retire at 65 years, but this can only happen if they accumulate large amounts of wealth. The American constitution offers equal opportunity to all citizens in achieving the American dream. However, achieving the American dream is becoming more challenging in the society today. The rising difference in the wealth gap between races is an example of how hard it has become to achieve the American dream. The difference is evident even in the racial line with the whites having better living standards and opportunities than the black Americans. The racial wealth gap in America is becoming deeper showing the inequality in the American society (Johnson, 2). Some individuals may feel to be in better position than their parents, but the whole society is experiencing increasing gaps in opportunities available. The gap shows that the future generation may not be able to have equal opportunity in achieving their

Research memo for cisco systems Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Memo for cisco systems - Research Paper Example On the other hand, its mission is to be the chosen supplier by being the leader among its competitors in satisfying customers, market share, product leadership and profitability. Products Cisco Systems began competing in the local-area-network (LAN) market by offering high-end routers (Wylie 45). These devices applied in the cyberspace to direct network traffic to its destination through a least congested and efficient network path. Its foothold in the growing industry made it competitive in the market of networking equipment. It makes a high proportion of the large scale routers used in powering the internet. Other cisco products include the LAN and wide area network (WAN) switches, website management tools, internet appliances, software of network management and dial-up solutions. More so, its internet operating system is becoming the industry’s standard for the delivering of network services and applications.Cisco’s customer base includes enterprises, service provide rs, consumers and the small and medium sized businesses. The enterprise customers consist of government agencies, corporations and educational utilities. Service providers provide data, video communication and voice services such as the international, regional and national carriers as well as the cable, internet and wireless service providers. The consumers form Cisco’s new market with a various products of home networking (Wylie 5). Management structure John Chamber among other t CEO of Cisco System has leadership abilities of teamwork, responsibility, and risk and customer satisfaction. The management structure entails the promotion of manager-employee dialogue through use of the automated Performance Management form (ePM). It also constitutes development processes such as the leadership 360-degree Development Feedback, Talent Assessment Process and leadership review process that concerns succession of management. These development processes enhance employee motivation and satisfaction. Development of a centralized structure brought it closer to its customers, eliminates resource and product overlaps while encourages teamwork. This structure implemented by its management personnel fostered knowledge sharing among Cisco product groups and promotes consistent realization of economies of scale and profitability (Wylie 67). Social responsibility Cisco’s dedication is efficient expertise in networking to help solve issues in the world. Cisco focuses on building ecological sustainability into its business process. Its ecological sustainability efforts include the Carbon Disclosure project and the Greenpeace challenge. It leads by example through reduction of the use of energy and the green house gas emissions during its operations. It also promotes environmental standards such as the ISO 14001, GHG protocol and Global Reporting Initiative. Its products’ end of life initiative enables take-back and trade-in programs of recycling that provide cu stomers a costless way of managing electronic waste. It largely reuses and repairs the electronics received from its customers. Plans Cisco under the leadership of Chamber plans to address the dual threat of a new centre for data customers that focus on scaling out and price. It has plans to expand its market and product line to give it a aggressive

Is The Us A Hegemon Essay Example for Free

Is The Us A Hegemon Essay A hegemon can be defined as a paramount power or state that can influence the course of events globally (free dictionary, 2008). By this very definition, America qualifies to be referred to as a hegemon. Since the collapse of the Cold War, the US has emerged as the most powerful nation on earth. Its influence is felt in the political, economic and military realms where its hegemony remains largely unchallenged. US administrations have not shied away from flexing their power and this has been increasing experienced in political matters where the US has pushed its agenda for new world order based on democratic ideals. No country is above the law. However, because of their position globally, powerful nations do at times take actions that are in direct contravention of laid down rules and procedures. In its attempt to democratize the world, the US has acted as though it was above international law. The invasion of Iraq is a case in point. Despite the Security Council’s condemnation of the planned invasion, the US and Britain went ahead to wage war and eventually topple Sadamm. President Chirac of France spoke out strongly against the trend by the US in taking unilateral decisions that contravened international law as it could set off a bad precedent (Litchfield, 2003). The detention of prisoners at Guantanamo Bay is a blatant disregard of the Geneva Convention that stipulates how prisoners of war are to be treated (UNHCR, 2008). By torturing the detainees and denying them their rights, the US has chosen to ignore international laws set up by the Commonwealth of Nations (Leonnig and Mintz, 2004) In summary, the US has taken advantage of its hegemonic status to carry out illegal acts as per international law. These actions do not augur well for international cooperation and peace as other nations will be tempted to act unilaterally and in direct contravention of the same laws that are meant to ensure world stability

African American Discrimination 1865-1939

African American Discrimination 1865-1939 Why did black Americans face discrimination during the period 1865-1939? In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution abolished slavery in the USA and in 1868 the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed citizenship and equal civil rights to freedmen but even in 1978 Justice Thurgood Marshall, the first black justice of the Supreme Court, commenting on inequality was to say ‘Take it from me, it has not been solved’.[1] Why is it that black Americans have continued to face discrimination since 1865 and what forms has that discrimination taken? This essay will explore the types of discrimination faced by black Americans from 1865-1939 and the reasons that may lie behind it. It begins with an examination of the origins of racial discrimination that sets the context for later developments. It then moves on to examine the reasons for and instances of discrimination in a variety of contexts. The origins of discrimination against black Americans lies in the practice of slavery and the inherent contradiction between proclamations of freedom and the denial of humanity that is the foundation of the modern US. Virginia and other regions had economies based on slavery and incorporated racial discrimination as a quite natural.[2] The relationship of slave and master and the divisions of labour and status created, enforced and normalised unequal relationships between blacks and whites. A slave by definition of his enslaved status could be considered as inferior but black inferiority was also argued scientifically and promulgated in the popular consciousness.[3] These differences were also initially exacerbated by religion and led to an association of black, heathen and slave. It was also considered that black people might not be human, at least not as human as whites, and black as a colour was associated with the night, with evil and with the biblical curse of Ham. Brogan states that the result of these factors ‘was the deeply entrenched, pathological enmity between the races’.[4] It is against the backdrop of such a society that the phenomena of discrimination against black Americans should be seen. Slavery as an institution came under increasing attack, being abolished firstly in the state of Vermont in 1777 followed over the next few years by several other northern states.[5] The African slave trade was banned by Federal Law in 1808 and eventually abolition was achieved in 1865 after being the central issue of the Civil War. The response to the new legal position in the southern states was twofold, involving on the one hand violence and on the other the law itself. The violent discrimination suffered by freed black Americans in the south is embodied by the emergence of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), founded in Tennessee on Christmas Eve 1865.[6] The Klansmen, robed and masked in white, whipped, burned, murdered and threatened in order to intimidate black Americans and those who sought to aid them. By 1867 their techniques had become popular throughout the south. They were motivated by frustration at the outcome of the Civil War and a continued belief in the supremacy of whites over blacks and attempted, reasonably successfully to prevent blacks from voting, to drive them from whatever lands they had managed to acquire and to prevent them from asserting themselves.[7] The so-called ‘Black Codes’ passed in the Reconstruction period following the Civil War almost reenslaved the newly freed blacks.[8] For example they were required to hire themselves out by the year without the right to leave their employment or strike. Any black found to be unemployed or travelling without his employers permission was arrested, fined for vagrancy and allotted to a white employer.[9] The reason for such legal discrimination is not hard to fathom since they seem intended, as was pointed out by the Republican caucus on December 2nd 1865 to reduce Afro-Americans to slavery.[10] These reactions in the aftermath of the Civil War and Reconstruction show that for many in the south the new status of black Americans as equal to whites was unacceptable and thus a cause of discrimination. In fact it should hardly be surprising that such a significant change in the social and economic fabric of a region would result in extreme reactions and resentment. Blacks as slaves had formed the foundation of an economic and social system that necessitated their continued repression. Free black Americans and whites were forced to negotiate new relationships in which black Americans would demand better treatment as cash waged employees with limited working hours on a par with labourers throughout the US or even as landowners in their own right.[11] Following the Compromise of 1877 the social position of black Americans declined. Shortly after, breaking the power of the Redeemers, the rednecks seized control, resulting in the Jim Crow laws.[12] The term Jim Crow was a generic slang term for Negro, perhaps based on the rhyming principle. These laws of segregation began in Tennessee, the home of the KKK, in 1881 with the Jim Crow railroad car law and had spread to 13 other southern states by 1907.[13] Through these laws, blacks were excluded from voting by the grandfather clause, the white primary and the poll tax. They were also restricted to the most servile employment, segregated from the better residential areas in towns, from white schools and universities, white hotels and restaurants and even segregated on buses.[14] In 1875 there had been passed a Civil Rights Act that had prohibited discrimination in hotels although this was overturned when the Act was held unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.[15] In 1896 the Supreme Co urt sanctioned segregation with the Plessey v. Ferguson case.[16] Only in 1957 were the Jim Crow buses ruled unconstitutional.[17] Throughout this period and well into the twentieth century, white resentment often took the form of violence, typified by the practice of lynching. In 1886, 20 blacks were lynched in Carollton, Miss.[18] In total more than 2,500 lynchings were carried out between 1880 and 1900.[19] Between 1918 and 1927, 416 blacks were lynched with burning becoming a popular means of killing.[20] In the south in the 1920s a new KKK arose, the group having been inactive since 1873.[21] The reasons for the rise of both the old and new KKK have been located in the tensions that appear in the aftermath of war.[22] The movement has been identified as a defensive one, embodying reactions to innovations in race relations and more widely as a movement inspired by a fear of change, particularly that brought about by out-groups.[23] The First World War, eventually joined by the US in 1917, saw some 400,000 black Americans serve in the army and navy.[24] Du Bois thought that black Americans should not only obey the call of duty but demand to be allowed to fight for their country.[25] Despite segregation, slander, violence and discouragement from the US side, black troops were praised by the French and received far better treatment from them. Black soldiers abroad were warned by Wilson not to expect the same treatment on their return to the US while those stationed in the US suffered under continued Jim Crow laws. Following the war and the race riots that followed, the 1920-1 membership of the KKK grew to some five million, reacting violently against the perceived threat of veterans and the economic migrants. Discrimination was never restricted only to the southern US.[26] The First World War had created jobs in the north and pulled by these and pushed by oppression and exploitation, some 500,000 black Americans migrated to the north between 1915 and 1918.[27] The migration had several benefits for black Americans over and above the achievement of better, though still hard and poorly paid, work. Employment was still segregated and tensions between poor whites and blacks in particular increased as black workers were made by employers to break strikes and were discriminated against by unions. Since among the poor there tends to be competition for jobs and housing, both of which may be substandard, race relations and social discrimination could easily be exacerbated.[28] Blacks could be and were ghettoised and then exploited by being charged higher rents than whites.[29] As a result, there were 25 race riots in the summer and autumn of 1919 in the north east and midwest. The most violent rio t lasted 13 days, killing 23 black Americans and 15 whites and took place not in the south but in Chicago.[30] In answering the question of why black Americans faced discrimination during the period 1865-1939, it is appropriate to examine the controversial role of prominent black Americans such as Booker T. Washington.[31] Washington himself favoured and advocated discrimination; he ‘counseled blacks to remain in the south, to become economically self-sufficient, and to remain socially separate from whites’.[32] This may seem surprising but Washington believed that in order to make political progress, black Americans had first to make economic progress and gain economic control over their own lives.[33] To achieve this he advocated vocational training. By not promoting black suffrage or attacking Jim Crow, he avoided confrontation with whites. Although some whites saw in this movement a possibility for peaceful race relations, others saw Washington as affirming the inferior status of blacks that they believed in. While Washington’s eventual goal was integration and equalit y, his methods were too slow for many critics like Du Bois, who thought that black Americans ‘should not have to sacrifice their constitutional rights in order to achieve a status that was already guaranteed’.[34] In addition, many blacks viewed him, because of his involvement with the political elite, as an ‘‘Uncle Tom’ who hung around condescending whites who did nothing for him or his people’.[35] During the so-called Great Boom of the 1920s, black Americans were largely exempt from the general prosperity.[36] The majority of black Americans still lived and worked as agricultural labourers in the south, where they were always the first to be laid off. Despite further northerly migrations, between 1910 and 1970 over 6 million blacks left the south, the economic and social conditions experienced by black Americans in the north remained of a lower standard but despite this still caused resentment amongst whites.[37] The Depression, beginning in 1929 saw 2 million black American farmers forced off the land, and in the general scramble for any employment they came off worst in competition with whites in the cities, where black unemployment was between 30-60%.[38] The resulting New Deal of Roosevelt, while tainted by discrimination in the south, offered aid to blacks in the form of jobs, housing, finance and skills training on an unprecedented scale. Many were for the first time abl e to become independent farmers or develop careers in entertainment and culture. Some white reactions to a perceived increased black assertiveness and the belief that Roosevelt was courting the potential black vote revealed continuing opposition to civil rights for black Americans who considered that such things would lead to the ‘mongrelisation of the American race’.[39] Even though the discrimination against black Americans goes back to the beginnings of American history, it should be emphasised that since changes towards a belief in equality in the status of blacks and whites in white thought became more widespread and it was no longer natural for whites to think of blacks as inferior, there has been an increasing option for whites to be non-discriminatory. The continuation of discrimination undoubtedly has many reasons that vary with the socio-economic locus of the discrimination. It is certain that discrimination, as well as being caused by sincerely held beliefs, is caused by tensions within societies and that groups tend to blame other groups for the problems that they suffer. It is also certain that experiences in war, increased assertiveness of black Americans and changes in their legal status inspired resentment, particularly amongst southern whites, at a changing world order. Discrimination could also be good for business, providing a pool of cheap labour to be exploited at work and in the provision of housing and blacks as well as whites discriminated. Perhaps in the end we are forced to conclude that black Americans faced discrimination between 1865 and 1939 because discrimination based on physical appearance, or on other factors, is quite normal to human behaviour. 1 [1] Goode, K.G. 1969. From Africa to the United States and then†¦ Glenview: Scott, Foresman and Co., 164; Brogan, H. 1999. The Penguin History of the USA. 2nd edition. London: Penguin, 644 [2] Brogan 1999, 106-7; Sanders, V. 2003. Race Relations in the USA since 1900. London: Hodder Stoughton, 7-10 [3] McPherson, J.M. 1964. The Struggle for Equality. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 134 [4] Brogan 1999, 107 [5] Goode 1969, 162 [6] Brogan 1999, 352; Goode 1969, 84 [7] Brogan 1999, 367 [8] Goode 1964, 164 [9] Brogan 1999, 352 [10] Goode 1964, 79 [11] Brogan, 1999 357-8 [12] Brogan 1999, 371 [13] Goode 1964, 165 [14] Brogan 1999, 371 [15] Goode 1964, 84-5, 138, 165 [16] Sanders 2003, 21 [17] Goode 1964, 167 [18] Goode 1964, 165 [19] Goode 1964, 112-3 [20] Brogan 1999, 479 [21] Brogan 1999, 368, 488 [22] Johnson, G.B. 1980. A Sociological Interpretation of the New Ku Klux Klan. In Pettigrew, T.F. (ed.) 1980. The Sociology of Race Relations. New York: The Free Press, 71. [Originally published in Social Forces 1 (May 1923), 440-45] [23] Johnson 1980 [24] Goode 1964, 117-120 [25] Moses, W.J. 1978. The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850-1925. New York: Oxford University Press, 230 [26] Brogan 1999, 317 [27] Goode 1964, 119-20 [28] Johnson, G.B. 1980b. The Negro Migration and Its Consequences. In Pettigrew, T.F. (ed.) 1980. The Sociology of Race Relations. New York: The Free Press, 79. [Originally published in Social Forces 2 (March 1924), 404-08] [29] Sanders 2003, 21-2 [30] Goode 1964, 120 [31] Sanders 2003, 25-32 [32] Goode 1964, 103 [33] Brogan 1999, 371 [34] Goode 1964, 105 [35] Sanders 2003, 30 [36] Lowe, N. 1982. Mastering Modern World History. London: Macmillan, 79 [37] Sanders 2003, 35-6 [38] Sanders 2003, 40 [39] Sanders 2003, 42

Gorilla Extinct Reaserch Paper -- essays research papers

The first recorded gorilla sighting (by western civilization) was in the 5th century B.C. by a Roman Explorer. Now every day nearly hundreds of gorillas disappear because of an unnatural death. This death is nothing mysterious, but is caused by poachers that trap these gorillas and kill them simply for their hands and sometimes even their heads. Besides that even construction and agriculture take the homes away from gorillas that were especially set aside. For these reasons’ gorillas are disappearing rapidly and must be taken care of. The western lowland gorilla is listed as an endangered species. Others are Eastern lowland, and Mountain Gorilla. A population of endangered gorillas living in a national park in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo has dropped fifty percent because of rebels, says the Bronx Zoo-based Wildlife Conservation Society. Around the border of Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda, Kahuzi-Biega National park is now a battleground, with different rebel groups fighting in the area. Now many rebels and refugees living in the park’s borders, bamboo is harvested and used for building materials, and hunt large amounts of wildlife for food and commercial trade. Even the number of illegal snares has grown. It seems that for one reason or another people do not want to stop hunting for Apes or Gorillas. Man is gorillas only enemy. Because of the action of male gorillas protecting their groups with such determination from hunters, humans developed a folktale about the ferocity of gorillas. Gorillas’ defense of standing and chest-beating make them a perfect target. Like all tightly knit social groups, gorillas will defend their young. They defend them with their lives. Fights between gorillas rarely ever happen and are resolved through threatening gestures. If there is an intruder, the young and the female go to the safer ground. If the intruder runs away it will be caught and killed, but if it just stands there, it will not be harmed. Gorillas are generally quiet. They are not actually capable of making the same sounds as human beings. They make about 15-25 different special noises. Hooting can carry a mile through the forest and is usually exchanged between rival silverbacks. A hooting sound is used for an alarm o... ... Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken English. Koko initiates the majority of conversations with her human companions and typically constructs statements averaging three to six words. Koko has a tested IQ of between 70 and 95 on a human scale, where 100 is considered "normal." Michael, the male silverback gorilla who grew up with Koko, had a working vocabulary of more than 600 signs. The way you can help keep gorillas from becoming extinct is that you can deny any gorilla parts that are being sold to you and report them to the authorities, donate money to the Gorilla Foundation at www.koko.org or to the zoo nearest you. The extinctions of these animals are in great danger. Just by simply destroying the forest, we are also destroying the habitats of smart gorillas. Because of human caused disorders and disasters, gorillas will not live for ever. Common Name Gorilla Scientific Name Gorilla Gorilla Order Primata Family Pongidae Genus Gorilla Class Mammalia Gorilla Extinct Reaserch Paper -- essays research papers The first recorded gorilla sighting (by western civilization) was in the 5th century B.C. by a Roman Explorer. Now every day nearly hundreds of gorillas disappear because of an unnatural death. This death is nothing mysterious, but is caused by poachers that trap these gorillas and kill them simply for their hands and sometimes even their heads. Besides that even construction and agriculture take the homes away from gorillas that were especially set aside. For these reasons’ gorillas are disappearing rapidly and must be taken care of. The western lowland gorilla is listed as an endangered species. Others are Eastern lowland, and Mountain Gorilla. A population of endangered gorillas living in a national park in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo has dropped fifty percent because of rebels, says the Bronx Zoo-based Wildlife Conservation Society. Around the border of Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda, Kahuzi-Biega National park is now a battleground, with different rebel groups fighting in the area. Now many rebels and refugees living in the park’s borders, bamboo is harvested and used for building materials, and hunt large amounts of wildlife for food and commercial trade. Even the number of illegal snares has grown. It seems that for one reason or another people do not want to stop hunting for Apes or Gorillas. Man is gorillas only enemy. Because of the action of male gorillas protecting their groups with such determination from hunters, humans developed a folktale about the ferocity of gorillas. Gorillas’ defense of standing and chest-beating make them a perfect target. Like all tightly knit social groups, gorillas will defend their young. They defend them with their lives. Fights between gorillas rarely ever happen and are resolved through threatening gestures. If there is an intruder, the young and the female go to the safer ground. If the intruder runs away it will be caught and killed, but if it just stands there, it will not be harmed. Gorillas are generally quiet. They are not actually capable of making the same sounds as human beings. They make about 15-25 different special noises. Hooting can carry a mile through the forest and is usually exchanged between rival silverbacks. A hooting sound is used for an alarm o... ... Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken English. Koko initiates the majority of conversations with her human companions and typically constructs statements averaging three to six words. Koko has a tested IQ of between 70 and 95 on a human scale, where 100 is considered "normal." Michael, the male silverback gorilla who grew up with Koko, had a working vocabulary of more than 600 signs. The way you can help keep gorillas from becoming extinct is that you can deny any gorilla parts that are being sold to you and report them to the authorities, donate money to the Gorilla Foundation at www.koko.org or to the zoo nearest you. The extinctions of these animals are in great danger. Just by simply destroying the forest, we are also destroying the habitats of smart gorillas. Because of human caused disorders and disasters, gorillas will not live for ever. Common Name Gorilla Scientific Name Gorilla Gorilla Order Primata Family Pongidae Genus Gorilla Class Mammalia

History of Special Needs Provision in Ireland Essay

The history of education for children with special needs in Ireland has been one of neglect and exclusion until there was a change in attitudes and policies. The government had no need for policies regarding education and care of children with additional needs because they were carried out by religious orders. Many children were sent away to hospitals, homes and even asylums. They were hidden away from society. There were three stages in relation to the education and care of children with additional needs. Era of Neglect and Denial The era of neglect and denial was when the government thought children with special needs didn’t need to be educated and were seen as a medical problem. The Medical Model of Disability thought that children with special needs were abnormal. The problem was seen to be with the person with special needs and this model focuses on the causes of the disability and would look for cures rather than accept the person. â€Å"The medical model of disability views disability as a ‘problem’ that belongs to the disabled individual. It is not seen as an issue to concern anyone other than the individual† (www.2.le.ac.uk, Assessed 07 March 2014). Era of Special Schools The era of special schools was when a number of religious orders set up schools for children with special needs. The care and education was entirely up to the religious orders and the children would often board here rather than stay at home with their families. These schools were later recognised by the state. The government now believed children with special needs needed to be educated but not with â€Å"normal† children. They believed that the children would interfere with the education of the other children and therefore could not be educated in the same schools. Era of Integration and Inclusion The era of integration and inclusion began when the government introduced policies on education for children with special needs. They introduced these because of the decline in religion and religious orders. The state took over the care and education of children with additional needs. There was a demand for these children to be educated in schools alongside children who did not have special educational needs. This did happen but the children with special needs were taught in separate classrooms away from the other children. They were been educated but still not included. There are over 140 special schools in Ireland to date. These schools are designed for children who cannot be educated in mainstream schools. Some children may go to these schools for a period of time and then move into mainstream schools. Children with special needs are entitled to a free education until they reach eighteen years of age. They are entitled to help and support from resource teachers or special need assistants if the need it and to be educated in the same environment as every other child and to be treated equally. Legislation and Policies The Education Act 1998 The Education Act 1998 was the first piece of legislation that outlined the rights regarding education. This act is a general one but it provided the first legal definition of disability, the first legal definition of special educational needs and it defined what support services are. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of teachers, Board of Management, the Inspector and the Minister for Education. The Education Act 1998 says that all children including children with special needs are entitled to free education. Parents have the right to send their children to a school of their choice. All schools must respect beliefs, languages and traditions of all children. Schools have to have a plan in place to deal with any obstacles that may affect the education or welfare of a child with additional needs. All children have the right to be treated equally and should be included in all aspects of education despite their ability or disability. â€Å"This was the first piece of legislatio n passed since the foundation of the state that directly outlined the government’s rights and legal obligations regarding education† (Assisting Children with Special Needs, Assessed 08 March 2014: 10). The Education for Persons with Special Educational Needs Act 2004 This Act was passed to ensure that all people with special educational needs can be educated in an inclusive environment where this is possible. They have the same rights to education as a person who does not have special educational  needs. They have the right to the equipment they need in order to participate and continue with their education. The Board of Management needs to provide information to the parents and others relating to the education of the child. They need to ensure the progress of the child is monitored and reviewed regularly. To review the resources that are needed to help and provide education to children with special needs. They need to ensure that the needs of the child are being met and that a plan is put in place specifically for each child. â€Å"This Act was passed in June, 2004. The Act makes provision for the education of people with special educational needs, to provide that education whe rever possible, in an inclusive environment with those who do not have such needs† (www.asti.ie, Accessed 10 March 2014) Special Needs Conditions Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ADHD is a common behavioural disorder that affects school age children and is more common in boys. Signs and Symptoms There are three major symptoms of ADHD inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Some signs of ADHD are been easily distracted, switching from one activity to another frequently and talking excessively. Causes The causes of ADHD are not known. There are a number of factors that may be linked to ADHD such as genetics, diet and family environments. Diagnosis The diagnosis should only be made if the problem has been assessed for more than six months and has happened in two or more places. This is because there are other conditions which are very similar to ADHD that have to be ruled out. â€Å"Attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) is a disorder that appears in early childhood. You may know it by the name attention deficit disorder, or ADD. ADD/ADHD makes it difficult for people to inhibit their spontaneous response – response that can involve everything to speech to attentiveness† (www.helpguide.org, Accessed 09 March 2014). Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Palsy occurs when the part of the brain that controls muscle tone and movement is damaged. The condition can result in someone just been  clumsy or it can be more severe where the person cannot walk or move any part of their body. Signs and Symptoms Cerebral palsy may have the following signs and symptoms, lack of movement, difficulty walking, delays in speech development and trouble with swallowing. Causes There are no exact causes for cerebral palsy but it may be caused by brain damage before or during a child’s birth. Diagnosis A diagnosis for cerebral palsy will only be made after a child has been assessed and tests carried out. The tests will focus on the child’s movements and their muscle tone. Diagnosis for cerebral palsy can take a long time. â€Å"Cerebral palsy is a term used to refer to a group of complicated conditions that affect movement and posture because of damage to or failure in the development of the part of the brain that controls movement† (www.sess.ie, Accessed 10 March 2014). Autism Autism is a developmental disorder that affects the brain from functioning properly. Autism affects the way a person communicates and how they relate to other people. Signs and Symptoms Some signs and symptoms of autism are if a child does not respond to their name by the age of twelve months, have no words by sixteen months and does not point at objects to show interest by fourteen months. The child will avoid eye contact and will like to play alone frequently. Causes The exact cause of autism is unknown. Abnormalities in the brain, genetics and environmental toxins may be causes but this have not been proven. Diagnosis A screening test to diagnoise autism must be based on the observation of communication, behaviour and development and compare them to children in the same age group. â€Å"Autism is a neurological condition in which a child is unable to relate to people and situations. It first emerges in early childhood, when the child is first developing social and interpersonal skills. It is a rare condition affecting approximately five people out of  every 10,000† (www.irishhealth.com, Accessed 11 March 2014). Dyslexia Dyslexia is a learning disorder which makes reading, writing and spelling more difficult. It is the most common learning difficulty among children. Signs and Symptoms The most common sign of dyslexia is getting letters and words jumbled up. Lack of self-esteem, bad behaviour and lack of interest in school related activities are symptoms of having dyslexia. Causes There is no real evidence to suggest what causes dyslexia but it may be caused by an impairment in the brain or it may be inherited. Diagnosis Tests will be done on a child that is suspected of having dyslexia and will focus on how the child processes information, their language abilities and word recognition. â€Å"There was a time in Ireland when dyslexia was the disorder that dare not speak his name. The Dyslexia Association of Ireland. (DAI), established 40 years ago this year, had to change its name in the 1980s to the Association of Children and Adults with Learning Difficulties, so it would be taken seriously† (www.irishtimes.com, Accessed 11 March 2014). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) FASD is mental and physical condition that results from alcohol exposure during pregnancy. Signs and Symptoms Some of the signs and symptoms of FASD may include having a small head, deformities of limbs, heart defects and vision or hearing difficulties. Causes The causes of FASD is when a mother drinks alcohol excessively during her pregnancy. Alcohol interferes with the oxygen getting to the developing brain. Diagnosis FASD can only be diagnosed after a child is born. Doctors will access motor skills, facial features and heart problems. Support Services HADD Ireland is a support group for people affected by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). They offer a wide variety of services  including courses for young people, courses for parents and support groups. In these courses they build skills, promote self-awareness and encourage problem solving. In the support groups they offer talks and workshops for parents that provide information and advice on ADHD. Cerebral Palsy Alliance is a support group that provides support and assistance for parents and carers of people who suffer from cerebral palsy. Each service is in place to help improve the quality of life and participation in everyday life. The services they provide include therapy and health services, counselling and respite care. They offer early intervention services and mentoring programmes for teenagers Irish Autism Action is an organisation that was formed to help sufferers of autism and their families. They offer a range of services including early detection prog rammes, education support, counselling, and home based support. They also have a helpline that offers confidential information and support for people with autism. They provide information and advice to families upon a diagnosis been made. Dyslexia Association of Ireland (DAI) is a membership based organisation that educates people about dyslexia. They offer appropriate and effective support services for children and adults dealing with dyslexia. The services they provide are information services through phone, website or text, assessment services, specialist tuition for children through workshops or one on one tuition, training and education for parents, teachers and others. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Ireland is a support group that was set up by a group of carers who have had contact with children who suffer from fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). They provide information to families, carers and individuals on any disability associated with FASD. Alcohol Awareness Week 2014 is one way in which they provide information and promote awar eness about FASD. References University of Leicester: â€Å"The social and medical model of disability† (Online), available: http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ssds/accessability/staff/accessabilitytutors/information-for-accessability-tutors/the-social-and-medical-model-of-disability